一、History
Etymology
Earliest theatrical traditions originated in the religious activities of Dionysus in Athens . Legend of Dionysus with a group called satiluosi and a half man and half goat monsters live in the vineyard, so people often wear sheep's clothing in the ritual procession, it imitates the sheep. Greece language Tragos goat in writing, writing oidos singer, singer under the name of goat is the modern term "tragedy" etymology. Theatrical in the tent behind the stage make~up, this is the modern "scenery" , the etymology of the term.
Origin
Aristotle in his "Poetics" say: Greek tragedy was born earlier in the satyr play and comedy, tragedy by Song Jan Dio Nirsos Dionysian hymn evolved.These hymns are in when people drunken improvisation.In 600 BC, the poet Aliweng Dionysian hymn became a song sung by team, has the narrative characteristics of the new art style, he is also considered the first creation dithyramb.In 534 BC, a man named Tespe J who became the first in this narrative plays the main characters.He by reciting lines and personal performance, attempted to completely into the role; he also make his performance and team combination.In this drama of the prototype, song team plays the narrator and commentator role.Tespe J is considered as the earliest ancient Greek actors.
D evelopment
Sixth Century BC, the development of industry and commerce flourishing, gradually expanding foreign trade, agricultural production technology also have further development.Haramoto Take first became popular in the country, some celebrate the harvest festival of Saturnalia festivals and dancing and performing ritual, then spread to the city, become a national holiday.At this time, the society become more complex, a political movement is also booming, the original simple song and dance performances, has not been able to satisfy the people's thoughts and feelings, but also cannot meet the needs of the people, therefore has the form of improvement and the adjustment, after a series of evolution after the prototype was completed, drama.A tragedy to the bacchanal doxology as predecessor, comedy is a folk ritual songs and comic incarnation.
The golden age
Before Christ in Fifth century, drama has officially become an important part of cultural and public life of Athens. Annual at the Dionysus Theater's important content sections Bacchus is a Grand drama competition. Each participating playwright submitted a tragic triple play and a satyr play, as related to the content of entries, whose style is often relaxed and pleasant than the former. Dramatic development of this period, the play's characters increased from one to two, while team's role is more of an independent character, rather than a simple narrative. Play themes are no longer confined to diaonisuosi glorification instead of throughout ancient Greece mythology based. It was in this period, theatrical effects are transmitted to places outside Athens. Athens sections Bacchus remains the year's most important drama activities, each of ancient Greece City State built its own theatre. Today is the best preserved Egyptian flower horse theatre. Each ancient Greece Theatre as well as myths and legends and religious celebrations have a link. During this period only four Theatre SI writers works, four people are Athenians. They were defended in the tragedian Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Europe, as well as comedy writer Aristophanes. Their works, as well as the writings of Aristotle's theory, constitute the people of ancient Greece the full understanding of the play. Ancient Greece Theatre along with the development of the Athenian thrived, but with the decline of democratic political decline. Ancient Greece Theatre direct services in democratic politics, showing the struggles and lives of the Democrats, indicated their wishes and needs, so whether it is a tragedy or a comedy, is at the service of democracy, with strong political overtones.
Hellenistic period
After Peloponnesian War, Athens of forces greatly weakened, especially in ad Qian 4th century Alexander of series expansion war zhihou, political Shang more more authoritarian, joint effect drama of development, at this time playwright seems to also gradually lost has vitality and personality, led to Greece of era of drama, towards has new of era, the era related drama works, main description pastoral of Le, and warm of family and love story, lost has classical era Frank innocence of style. Greece era~the most important art form is "new comedy". The times only influential dramatist Menander. Contribution to later generations of important new comedy is that it affects the subsequent Roman comedies, particularly important for ancient Roman playwright Plautus and Ternence effect.
二、feature
Creation
Aristotle summed up the characteristics of ancient Greek drama in the unities of time consistent locations consistent and consistent performances . Ancient Greek drama episode usually occurs only within a day , the place is not transform . Often only one main line plot is not allowed other Spur plot exists . Aristotle 's proposed "three " is the original intention of the theory is to describe the form of an objective , rather than the provisions of an ideal state . Not all of ancient Greek drama follows rigid unities , but the theory applies to the vast majority of cases .
Aristotle mentioned in the epic theater of the six elements , respectively plot ( plot ) , role ( character ) , thinking ( thought ) , verbal ( language) , music ( music) and landscape ( spectacle ) .
That tragedy and comedy are two very different play style , and not any one of ancient Greek drama to cover both the characteristics of the two . Sheep drama and tragedy , like the title cut to the gods or the aristocracy as the protagonist , but ridiculed the protagonist through playful spirit and vulgar words , with the style of comedy .
Building
Generally are open-air theater of ancient Greece , including three parts : orchestra pit ( or the main hall , the dance floor ) , King House and auditorium . The orchestra pit is often located in the building of the central , usually also stage a perimeter of 150 meters circular area . Orchestra pit performers and choir singing , but also held a ritual place . Often central in the orchestra pit altar . In Athens , this altar is usually built to pay homage to Dionysus .
Behind the orchestra pit was named "King" (Skene) rectangular building, means "tent" or "shack". King estates is the equivalent of the ancient Greece Theatre background, where actors can change clothes and masks. Usually features three doors leading to the outside Orchestra. In some theatre performances of King House has a protruding in front of the ground area, this is the modern theatre stage in front of the prototype. King estates are often the earliest such as its original meaning, is a class of tent structures, built for religious celebrations, was demolished after the celebrations end. Later, with the drama become a mainstream art style, the theater became a permanent building. Sometimes there are also drawing patterns in the scene on the outside of the House as the background of the stage. This is in English "scenery" origin of the term. Wraps around the Orchestra's structure is the audience. Audience is typically small hillside slope construction, the audience sat in neatly arranged on a bench to watch performances. Ancient Greece Theatre usually built in a shape suitable for hills. Ancient Greece is often a big theatre to accommodate 15,000 spectators. These theaters are usually open, the audience can clearly see the other people around, including actor and song and theatre scenery of the nearby places.
Show
Ancient Greek theater's large size determines the actors must be exaggerated.They're loud reciting lines, dramatic gestures, because the only way to ensure that the audience can see and hear their performances.It is for the same reason, in theatrical performance often also cannot use the relatively small size of the props, the actors to gesture to the metaphor refers to certain objects.In ancient Greek drama is usually only two to three actors, so an actor often at the same time playing several different roles.Often a character in a play can also be at the same time by several actors.
In ancient Greek drama mostly contains music and dance elements.The role of recitation, singing songs and rhymes are additional accompaniment.
Costumes and masks
Because of the actors and the audience is very far away, so actors must be frequently replaced clothing and masks to attract the audience's attention. Actors use thick~soled boots to make them look taller, sometimes with colourful gloves so that viewers can identify their own gestures. Mask is the most ancient theatre Greece characteristic symbols. In a play, each actor has their own unique masks. These masks are often made with linen or Cork, so that no one can remain to this day; however, from ancient Greece actress paintings and sculptures on the theme of work, we are made aware of the mask shape style. Tragedy masks tend to be used in the expression of pain or mourning, and masks used in the comedy is usually smiling face, or with evil means. Actor in performance when using masks to cover their entire faces, including hair. After generations of scholars proved that the spread in favour of actor voices the mask shape, make their voice more penetrating, easier to let viewers hear him clearly.
In Hadrian's Villa mosaic-style mask
三、Type
Tragedy
Greece tragedy usually is to ancient in Greek mythology hero of tattoos story for theme, through theatre of performances, with to audience a noble of tattoos beauty, nationality to purification audience of mood and temporarily from died life of annoying brain, wine God ceremonies in the of all orgy as, like: eat health mutton, and drink wine, and~click played Manager, and pishan sheepskin, and jump twist twist dance, and sing goat song and so on, on have has drama of young type. Mix of ancient Greece heroes tragic twists and turns, powerful and heroic story makes Greece the birth of tragedy.
Every tragedy is to express a complete story, at the same time is an independent unit. However, the tragedy is composed of three such plays of triple play, they separate, on the one hand and mix with each other, thus forming a coherent whole lineup of larger, meaning. At present, the triple play has only handed down one of the Russian ruisiteya triple play of Aeschylus.
comedy
The emergence of the Greek comedy, is to wait until the development of mature tragedy appeared after. Until 487 BC, comedy is the official Athens into city DE Russia ni rope, holiday, and tragedy enjoy equal status. From then on, comedy get official approval, also started to have relevant written records came down.
Greek comedy and Greek tragedy than up, theme is the biggest differences between. Comedy often involved with contemporary political or artistic problems, war and peace as well as the abomination of comedy writers of the people or things. Generally speaking, they are not often drawn Greek mythology, preferences write their own story, often with contemporary characters with the situation have close relations, and so today with modern Angle to observe, is not easy to understand
The Sa embankment Seoul drama
Sa Thiersee Bacchus Dionysus valet , and its image is half- man and half goat . In these Sa embankment the Seoul man named Silenus (Silenus), his Dionysian side to play an important role , so there are people singing and dancing to his honor , so called Sa Thiersee drama .
Sa Thiersee drama appeared in the late sixth century , it is the form of tragedy in comparison, there is not much difference , major differences at Sa Thiersee drama main purpose of attitudes to the subject of ridicule , vulgar and indecent language relaxed and uninhibited behavior , the protagonist of the play , to tease or ridicule . El Thiersee drama from the other, the gods or aristocrats, complement each other and tragedy
四、Influence
Future generations of Western drama , influenced by the content and form of ancient Greek drama , there are still a lot of ancient Greek drama , through adaptation , staged around the world . Greek International Theatre Festival held every year during the theater festival staged plays there ancient Greek drama works .